But there are no frets on the fingerboard as found on the guitar, so the player can continuously tune the intervals to any desired pitch in the string's frequency range and play the intervals in any system of temperament. The strings are tuned a fifth apart at G3(196 Hz), D 4(293.7 Hz), A4, E5(659.3 Hz) if tuned in equal temperament with the A 4 = 440Hz standard. The range of the violin extends from G, the lowest open string, upward nearly four octaves. Sound is produced by drawing the bow across the strings to make them vibrate, or by plucking the strings (PIZZICATO). The wider end of the instrument is placed between the player's left shoulder and chin, while the left hand encircles its neck, the fingers stopping the strings to produce the various pitches. ![]() ![]() The instrument is held on the left side of the body, while the right hand holds the bow. The overall length of the violin averages about 60 cm (23.5 in), whereas the sounding length of the strings, from bridge to the nut at the end of the fingerboard, is about 32 cm (12.75 in). Its four strings are stretched over a high arched bridge that permits the playing of one or two strings at a time, as well as the nearly simultaneous sounding of three or four as chords. The violin, the most commonly used member of the modern string family, is the highest-sounding instrument of that group. Musical groups in the western hemisphere typically tune to equal temperament in agreement with the piano keyboard, but the violin family of instruments is not constrained to play in equal temperament because there are no frets on the fingerboard as found on the guitar to determine the musical intervals. The strings are tuned a fifth apart which in equal temperament gives frequencies G 3(196 Hz), D 4(293.7 Hz), A 4, E 5(659.3 Hz) using the A 4 = 440Hz standard. ![]() The sound of the instrument is enhanced by body resonances including the air resonance of the f-holes. Strings characteristically produce a fundamental resonance plus all the string harmonics.
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